Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (Emperor Franz I of Austria) (12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Empire after the disastrous defeat of the Third Coalition by Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Austerlitz. In 1804 he had founded the Austrian Empire and became Francis I of Austria (Franz I), the first Emperor of Austria, ruling from 1804 to 1835. As such he was  the first and only Doppelkaiser (double Emperor) in history.

In 1805, German writer, economic theorist, and devotee of Samuel Hahnemann, Adam Heinrich Müller, was invited to become part of Franz I’s entourage. Müller was also a member of the Emperor’s party that traveled to France in 1818.

At the urging of Stift, a physician to the emperor, in October 1819 homeopathy was forbidden by decree throughout the Austrian Empire. Nevertheless, homeopathy endured and grew in  popularity.

In 1816, Franz I appointed Johann Emanuel Veith as the Director and First Professor at the Institute of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna.

In 1824, Franz I granted leave for Friedrich Edmund Peithner Ritter von Lichtenfels to practice homeopathy in Vienna, despite the ban imposed on homeopathy in 1819.

Baron Franz von Koller, Franz I’s Ambassador to Britain, was was a staunch advocate of homeopathy, and a patient of Georg von Necher. Baron Franz von Koller is credited with the introduction of homeopathy into Italy in 1821.

In 1828, Franz I ordered clinical trials of homeopathy at the Josephinum academy of military medicine in Vienna. These were conducted by military surgeon and convert to homeopathy, Matthias Marenzeller, and the successful outcome of these trials led to an acceptance of homeopathy as a university discipline in Prague and in Vienna.

Johann Josef Wenzel Graf Radetzky von Radetz, an Austrian General in Franz I’s military, was a patient of homeopath Johann Taubes Ritter von Lebenswarth and Christophe Hartung, a student of Samuel Hahnemann, on the recommendation of Friedrich Jaeger von Jaxtthal (physician to Klemens Wenzel Prince von Metternich), and the story of his cure of a cancerous tumour in his right eye was written up in Homeopathy Explained by John Henry Clarke in 1841, and recounted in The British Journal of Homeopathy in 1843.

Karl Philipp Schwarzenberg, an Austrian Field Marshal in Franz I’s military, became a patient of Samuel Hahnemann when he was referred to homeopathy by Karl Philipp Schwarzenberg’s physician, Matthias Marenzeller.

Francis was a son of Emperor Leopold II (1747 – 1792) and his wife Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (1745 – 1792), daughter of Charles III of Spain.

Francis was born in Florence, the capital of Tuscany where his father reigned as Grand Duke from 1765–90. Though he had a happy childhood surrounded by his many siblings, his family knew Francis was likely to be a future Emperor (his uncle Joseph had no surviving issue from either of his two marriages), and so in 1784 the young Archduke was sent to the Imperial Court in Vienna to educate and prepare him for his future role.

Emperor Joseph himself took charge of Francis’s development, and his disciplinarian regime was a stark contrast to the indulgent Florentine Court of Leopold. The Emperor wrote that Francis was “stunted in growth”, “backward in bodily dexterity and deportment”, and “neither more nor less than a spoiled mother’s child”.

Joseph concluded that “…the manner in which he was treated for upwards of sixteen years could not but have confirmed him in the delusion that the preservation of his own person was the only thing of importance.”

Joseph’s martinet method of improving the young Francis were “fear and unpleasantness”. The young Archduke was isolated, the reasoning being that this would make him more self sufficient as it was felt by Joseph that Francis “fail[ed] to lead himself, to do his own thinking”. Nonetheless, Francis greatly admired his uncle, if rather feared him.

To complete his training, Francis was sent to join an army regiment in Hungary and he settled easily into the routine of military life.

After the death of Joseph II in 1790, Francis’s father became Emperor. He had an early taste of power while acting as Leopold’s deputy in Vienna while the incoming Emperor traversed the Empire attempting to win back those alienated by his brother’s policies.

The strain told on Leopold, and by the winter of 1791 he became ill. He gradually worsened throughout early 1792, and, on the afternoon of 1 March Leopold died, at the relatively young age of 44. Francis, just past his 24th birthday, was now Emperor much sooner than he had expected.

As the leader of the large multi ethnic Habsburg Empire, Francis felt threatened by Napoleon Bonaparte‘s call for liberty and equality in Europe. Francis had a fraught relationship with France. His aunt Marie Antoinette died under the guillotine at the beginning of his reign. Francis, on the whole, was indifferent to her fate (she was not close to his father Leopold, and Francis had met her, but when he was of an age that was too young for Francis to remember). Georges Danton attempted to negotiate with the Emperor for Marie Antoinette’s release from captivity, but Francis was unwilling to make any concessions in return.

Later, he led Austria into the French Revolutionary Wars. He briefly commanded the Allied forces during the Flanders Campaign of 1794 before handing over command to his brother Archduke Charles. He was later defeated by Napoleon Bonaparte.

By the Treaty of Campo Formio, he ceded the left bank of the Rhine to France in exchange for Venice and Dalmatia. He again fought against France during the Second and Third Coalition, when after meeting crushing defeat at Austerlitz, he had to agree to the Treaty of Pressburg, which effectively dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, weakening the Austrian Empire and reorganizing present day Germany under a Napoleonic imprint.

In 1809, Francis attacked France again, hoping to take advantage of the Peninsular War embroiling Napoleon Bonaparte in Spain. He was again defeated, and this time forced to ally himself with Napoleon Bonaparte, ceding territory to the Empire, joining the Continental System, and wedding his daughter Marie Louise to the Emperor.

Francis essentially became a vassal of the Emperor of the French. The Napoleonic wars drastically weakened Austria and threatened its preeminence among the states of Germany, a position that it would eventually cede to the Kingdom of Prussia.

In 1813, for the fourth and final time, Austria turned against France and joined Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Sweden in their war against Napoleon Bonaparte. Austria played a major role in the final defeat of France – in recognition of this, Francis, represented by Klemens Wenzel Prince von Metternich, presided over the Congress of Vienna, helping to form the Concert of Europe and the Holy Alliance, ushering in an era of conservatism and reactionism in Europe.

The German Confederation, a loose association of Central European states was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire. The Congress was a personal triumph for Francis, where he hosted the assorted dignitaries in comfort, though Francis undermined his allies Tsar Alexander I and Frederick William III of Prussia by negotiating a secret treaty with the restored French king Louis XVIII.

The federal Diet met at Frankfurt under Austrian presidency (in fact the Habsburg Emperor was represented by an Austrian ‘presidential envoy’).

The events of the French Revolution impressed themselves deeply into the mind of Francis, and he came to distrust ‘radicalism’ in any form. In 1794, a ‘Jacobin’ conspiracy was discovered in the Austrian and Hungarian armies. The leaders were put on trial, but the verdicts only skirted the perimeter of the conspiracy. Francis’s brother Alexander Leopold (at that time Palatine of Hungary) wrote to the Emperor admitting “Although we have caught a lot of the culprits, we have not really got to the bottom of this business yet.” Nonetheless, two officers heavily implicated in the conspiracy were hanged and gibbeted, while many others were sentenced to imprisonment (where many died in the conditions).

Francis was by nature suspicious, and set up an extensive network of police spies and censors to monitor dissent (in this he was following his father’s lead, as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany had the most effective secret police in Europe). Even his family did not escape attention. His brothers, the Archdukes Charles and Johann had their meetings and activities spied upon. Censorship was also prevalent. The author Franz Grillparzer, a Habsburg patriot, had one play suppressed solely as a ‘precautionary’ measure. When Franz Grillparzer met the censor responsible, he asked him what was objectionable about the work. The censor replied “Oh, nothing at all. But I thought to myself ‘One can never tell’.”

Francis presented himself as an open and approachable monarch (he regularly set aside two mornings each week to meet his imperial subjects, regardless of status, by appointment in his office, even speaking to them in their own language), but his will was sovereign.

In 1804, he had no compunction about announcing that through his authority as Holy Roman Emperor, he declared he was now Emperor of Austria (at the time a geographical term that had little resonance). Two years later, Francis personally wound up the moribund Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Both actions were of dubious constitutional legality.

Francis was a devoted family man, and a main point in the political testament he left for his son and heir Ferdinand was “Preserve unity in the family and regard it as one of the highest goods”. In many portraits (particularly those painted by Peter Fendi) he was portrayed as the patriarch of a loving family, surrounded by his children and grandchildren.

On 2 March 1835, 43 years and a day after his father’s death, Francis died in Vienna of a sudden fever aged 67, in the presence of many of his family and with all the religious comforts. His funeral was magnificent, with his Viennese subjects respectfully filing past his coffin in chapel of the Hofburg for three days.

Francis was interred in the traditional resting place of Habsburg monarchs, the Kapuziner Imperial Crypt in Vienna’s Neue Markt Square. He is buried in tomb number 57, surrounded by his four wives.

After 1806 he used the titles: “We, Francis the First, by the grace of God Emperor of Austria; King of Jerusalem, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia and Lodomeria; Archduke of Austria; Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Würzburg, Franconia, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola; Grand Duke of Cracow; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Sandomir, Masovia, Lublin, Upper and Lower Silesia, Auschwitz and Zator, Teschen and Friule; Prince of Berchtesgaden and Mergentheim; Princely Count of Habsburg, Gorizia and Gradisca and of the Tirol; and Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria”, President of the German Confederation.

Of interest:

Franz I was godfather to Prince Albert, consort to Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Samuel von Brukenthal, Austrian lawyer, governor of Transylvania, and the personal advisor of Empress Marie Theresa, actually employed Samuel Hahnemann as his physician, and gave Samuel Hahnemann the opportunity to access Samuel von Brukenthal’s extensive library and to catalogue his library and his coin collection. Samuel von Brukenthal also introduced Samuel Hahnemann to Freemasonry and made him a member of his Lodge.

Dr. Joseph Freiherr von Quarin, the physician of Empress Marie Theresa was was the teacher, mentor and friend of Samuel Hahnemann.